Small pets are not small responsibilities

Small pets are often chosen because they seem easier than a cat or a dog: cheaper, smaller, happy in a cage in the corner. Many of them end up bored, lonely or unwell for exactly that reason. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats and mice can be wonderful companions, but only when their real needs are understood from the start.

Why "starter pet" is a misleading idea

Small animals are prey species. They tend to hide pain and fear, so problems can go unnoticed until they are serious. They also have quite specific needs that differ a lot from one species to another. Caring for them well takes knowledge, daily attention and an adult who stays in charge, even when the pet was bought "for the children".

Company: who needs a friend

• Rabbits: social animals that generally do best with at least one compatible rabbit companion. Neutering and a careful introduction are usually part of the plan; ask your vet.
• Guinea pigs: very social and should live with at least one other guinea pig. A single guinea pig with human company alone is not considered enough.
• Hamsters: usually solitary. Syrian hamsters in particular should live alone, and adults housed together may fight seriously.
• Rats and mice: sociable and usually happier in same-sex groups or pairs.

Space: bigger than the box in the pet shop

Many cages sold for small animals are far too small for them to live in full time. Exact recommendations vary between welfare organisations, so treat the following as a direction rather than a rulebook:

• Rabbits need space to run, hop several times in a row and stand fully upright, plus a secure area to exercise every day. Many owners use a large pen or a rabbit-proofed room rather than a hutch.
• Guinea pigs need a large, flat floor area to walk and run together, with hides for each animal.
• Hamsters need a big enclosure with deep bedding to dig and burrow in, a solid wheel of a suitable size and places to hide.
• Rats and mice need room to climb, explore and play, with plenty of enrichment.

For any species, look for good ventilation, a quiet spot away from direct sun and draughts, and a layout that lets the animal hide when it wants to.

Diet basics

• Rabbits and guinea pigs: good-quality hay should make up most of the diet, with fresh leafy greens and a limited amount of suitable pellets. Constant access to hay supports healthy digestion and teeth.
• Guinea pigs and vitamin C: guinea pigs cannot make their own vitamin C and need it from their diet. Ask your vet how best to make sure they get enough.
• Hamsters, rats and mice: a balanced commercial diet suited to the species, with small amounts of fresh food. Some human foods are unsafe, so check before sharing.
• Everyone: fresh, clean water every day, and any change in diet made gradually.

Handling and children

Small pets are often bought for children, but many of them do not enjoy being picked up. Being lifted off the ground can feel like being caught by a predator. Rabbits can injure their backs if they kick while held, and a dropped hamster or guinea pig can be badly hurt.

• Let children sit on the floor and let the animal come to them.
• Show them how to stroke gently, and to stop when the animal moves away.
• Avoid waking hamsters during the day; they are mostly active in the evening and at night.
• Supervise all handling, and keep an adult responsible for daily care.

How long they live

Lifespans vary with species, genetics and care, so these are rough ranges only. Rabbits commonly live around 8 to 12 years, and guinea pigs often 5 to 8 years. Hamsters, rats and mice usually live much shorter lives, often around 2 to 3 years. A short lifespan can be hard for children, so it is worth talking about it honestly before you decide.

Next in this series: whether to adopt or buy, and how to find a pet responsibly.